Care close to home

Despite their small physical size, microhospitals are fast becoming a big thing in health care design.

Historically, hospital construction has been based on the premise of “build it and they will come,” says David Argueta, president and CEO of CHI St. Luke’s Health — The Woodlands, Lakeside and Springwoods Village hospitals. Inpatient beds have in large part defined a hospital or health system. “When we talk about health care systems and hospitals, part of the statistic is how many beds we have,” Argueta says.

Today, priorities are shifting toward “driving the cost of health care down and building ambulatory access points that are focused on who we serve — really focused on the patient experience and their journey through health care. Finding a way to do that in a lower-cost environment — that’s what everyone’s trying to do,” he says.

Microhospitals can be distributed throughout a region to support a network of care; they also can be designed to be scalable, to grow along with a burgeoning community. According to Argueta, microhospitals are an innovative solution to delivering hospital care where it’s needed, to meet a health care organization’s strategic goals and its mission as a care provider. In short, efficient, well-placed microhospitals can achieve the health care trifecta of “best value, high quality, lower cost,” he says.

Convenient and accessible

Microhospitals generally fall between 15,000 and 25,000 square feet, though they can be upward of 50,000 or 60,000 square feet in size, says Kevin Harney, principal at architecture firm ESa in Nashville, Tenn. They typically include eight to 10 inpatient beds, eight to 10 emergency department treatment bays, a small imaging and diagnostic suite, and support functions like dietary services, environmental services and materials management.

These facilities perform essentially the same functions as standard-sized hospitals but are scaled to respond to the needs of lower-acuity patients, explains Rod Booze, partner in the Texas office of health care architecture firm E4H.

Besides size, the primary difference between a microhospital and a larger community or tertiary care hospital is that microhospitals do not provide services like intensive care. “Microhospitals cater toward the noncritical patients,” Harney says. “If a patient’s going to be there more than 48 hours, the provider will transfer [him or her] to a larger hospital. They’re trying to take the less-acute patient who needs a hospital stay and needs to be cared for but who doesn’t need to go to the larger tertiary hospital.

PhiloWilke Partnership in Houston has designed approximately 25 microhospital facilities in the last eight years, with 20 more on the books, according to Kevin TenBrook, a partner at the firm. “It’s definitely expanding at the moment,” he says of microhospital design and construction.

TenBrook describes PhiloWilke’s typical microhospital as less than 20,000 square feet, with a full-service ED. These buildings are generally in suburban areas, 30 minutes or less from a primary hospital campus, so patients who require high-acuity care can be transferred quickly to a setting appropriate to their needs.

“The microhospitals we do are very much portal-type facilities, meaning they’re a way to get the hospital service out where the people live, out in the communities,” TenBrook says. He adds that most projects include medical office space for physicians who practice at the hospital or are related to the health system.

Microhospitals tend to be on highly visible sites in their communities. “From a project location or siting point of view, these are retail facilities,” TenBrook says. “One of our clients once said, ‘We expect a typical future patient to have driven by one of our facilities 100 times before they walk in the door.’”

With microhospitals, providers are “trying to create something convenient and accessible,” Harney adds.

Scalable design

Springwoods Village Hospital is a microhospital designed by ESa for CHI St. Luke’s as part of the new Springwoods Village master-planned community in Spring, Texas, within the extraterritorial jurisdiction of Houston. The facility comprises 50,000 square feet of hospital space and 100,000 square feet of medical office space.

“It becomes almost a one-stop shop for health care, when you think of primary care and multispecialty groups and dentistry alongside our hospital services. That’s what we were trying to create,” says Argueta.

The hospital portion of the facility includes four inpatient beds, four operating rooms, two endoscopy suites with associated preoperative staging and post-anesthesia care areas, a full diagnostic imaging suite with computed tomography, radiology, magnetic resonance imaging and nuclear medicine capabilities, and a 10-bed ED.

The microhospital, on a 26-acre site, is master-planned to expand over time into a 200- to 300-bed tertiary care hospital. The scalable design is meant to serve the immediate and long-term needs of the community, Argueta says. By starting with a microhospital, “you’re able to grow intelligently. You don’t have 100 or 200 beds to start out with. You may have four to 12 beds and concentrate on more procedural areas,” he says.

This type of phased development makes efficient use of resources and gives local residents the comfort and convenience of having access to both nearby health care services and a larger network of care, he notes.

Argueta explains that CHI St. Luke’s, which historically has been inpatient-focused, recently has concentrated on developing facilities to serve patients along the entire continuum of care. The health system now has nearly 50 access points and almost 100 physicians in the North Houston area.

“We consider [Springwoods Village Hospital] a part of the continuum,” he says. While the microhospital can handle most patient needs, The Woodlands Hospital, CHI St. Luke’s flagship facility in North Houston, is a comprehensive stroke center that can provide higher-acuity care for patients who require it. The health system’s facilities are complementary, Argueta says.

Neighborhood hospitals

Dignity Health–St. Rose Dominican health system has been working with Houston-based microhospital developer Emerus and other partners to implement a microhospital strategy in Las Vegas. The health system has opened three microhospitals so far this year, and another is in the works.

The first floor of each Dignity Health–St. Rose Dominican microhospital, designed by PhiloWilke, includes eight inpatient beds and a similar number of emergency treatment and triage rooms, along with CT, laboratory, X-ray, ultrasound, pharmacy and dietary services.

“Each location has either one or two additional floors that are purposed for Dignity Health–St. Rose Dominican’s other clinical services,” says Vic Schmerbeck, executive vice president of strategy and business development for Emerus. These include primary care, wellness centers and other specialty clinical services.

The microhospitals are on sites that range from 3 to 7 acres. “They are highly visible and accessible for patients,” Schmerbeck says. “All of them sit on hard corners in retail-centric locations, to provide great access for patient care in areas we believe have needs in the marketplace.”

“We’re calling them neighborhood hospitals. They are fully licensed, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services-certified facilities capable of providing a continuum of care, albeit at a lower acuity level than some of our larger, more complex facilities,” says Peggy Sanborn, vice president, partnership integration, Dignity Health. “They’re generally distributed to better serve the overall population in Las Vegas, particularly as we migrate as an organization to value-based contracts and at-risk contracts.”

Population health management was a key factor in the health system’s decision to deploy microhospitals in this manner, Sanborn says. “First of all, we’re able to provide access to care that’s most commonly accessed at hospitals, which is predominantly outpatient-oriented, through this lower-cost model. So it preserves on capital and expenses as it relates to creating access points for patients.”

Additional access points help to prevent bottlenecks in care.

“Many times in communities that are under-resourced, you have long waits for emergency services,” notes Sanborn. The neighborhood hospitals will provide needed services and allow Dignity Health–St. Rose Dominican to keep patients in network as the health system moves forward with some of its more narrow-network or value-based population health-oriented contracts, she says.

According to Sanborn, co-locating outpatient diagnostics and physician services on the microhospital sites creates “minimedical campuses” where local residents can receive primary care, outpatient care, emergency treatment, or a short-stay, acute-care inpatient admission.

She says that Dignity Health–St. Rose Dominican has developed resources to transfer patients with more complex medical needs in a timely and effective manner to hospitals within the system that provide higher levels of care, and for the system’s medical staff and management team to coordinate care for patients across the entire network.

Health care evolution

“What we’re trying to do is evolve our health care thinking and make it much more community-facing, so that patients feel we’re delivering the product to them,” Sanborn says. “We’re starting to look at how you address the way patients want to access care.”

Millennials want convenience and immediacy in care resolution, she notes. “We want to be evolving or thinking about health care delivery in a similar way,” she says.

Microhospitals enable health care organizations to provide “great care in a patient-friendly and convenient manner while remaining disciplined on capital and operational efficiency,” Schmerbeck says.

Amy Eagle is a freelance journalist based in Homewood, Ill., and specializes in health care-related topics.